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| 个人信息 |
| 姓 名： |
明译员 [编号]:2705 |
性 别： |
女 |
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| 擅长专业： |
语言 |
出生年月： |
1989/2/1 |
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| 民 族： |
汉族 |
所在地区： |
湖北 黄石 |
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| 文化程度： |
本科 |
所学专业： |
英语 |
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| 毕业时间： |
2010 |
毕业学校： |
湖北师范院 |
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| 第一外语： |
英语 |
等级水平： |
专业八级 |
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| 口译等级： |
高级 |
工作经历： |
2 年 |
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| 翻译库信息 |
| 可翻译语种： |
英语、日语 |
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| 目前所在地： |
湖北 黄石 |
| 可提供服务类型： |
笔译、口译 |
| 每周可提供服务时间： |
三至四天。 |
| 证书信息 |
| 证书名称： |
人事部口译三级证书 |
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| 获证时间： |
2008/5/1 |
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| 获得分数： |
优秀 |
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| 工作经历 |
| 工作时期： |
2006/6/1--2009/12/1 |
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| 公司名称： |
武汉彼得森口译公司 |
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| 公司性质： |
民营企业 |
| 所属行业： |
翻译 |
| 所在部门： |
翻译处 |
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| 职位： |
笔译，口译员 |
| 自我评价： |
专业基础过硬。有一定的笔译和口译实践经验。获得国家奖学金，在多次大赛中获奖。性格活泼，踏实肯干，认真负责。 |
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| 笔译案例信息 |
| 案例标题： |
Reading behind the numbers |
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| 原文： |
A list of the 25 wealthiest authors in China in 2009 released recently doesn't tell the whole story about the riches of writing.
The list was based on Chinese mainland writers' royalty incomes from books published over the past 12 months and was the work of Wu Huaiyao, a Chinese literary scene observer, critic and reporter who has compiled the list for the past four years.
Wu has also written a book of author interviews, Huaiyao Interview Records, that originally appeared on his blog, Huaiyao Interview.
Wu wrote on his blog that he spent three months this year compiling the 2009 list, but did not reveal how many publishers he had interviewed. TV and film adaptation royalties were not included.
Zheng Yuanjie, a popular children's literature author nicknamed "king of fairytales" and popular for his story of a pair of pigeons called Pipilu and Luxixi, topped the list with 20 million yuan ($2.93 million) this year, while he ranked the second last year with 11 million yuan ($1.61 million).
He switched spots with last year's number one, aging literary whiz kid Guo Jingming, 26, who dipped to number two this year with 17 million yuan ($2.49 million). Guo's first novel, Huan Cheng (City of Fantasy), was written when he was in high school. The mix of fantasy and traditional Chinese martial arts fiction sold more than a million copies, as did his subsequent books. Last year Guo ranked first with 13 million yuan ($1.9 million).
Shi Kang, another young writer known for his novel Huang Huang You You (Hanging Around), who was tenth on the list with 3 million yuan ($439,322.27), said that he doesn't believe the list indicates wealth as much as it reveals how poor China's writers are, said Chongqing Evening News.
For example, three million yuan can just barely buy an average apartment in downtown Beijing or Shanghai.
List maker Wu was quoted by Youth Weekend as saying that even Zheng at number one was not wealthy enough to be compared with entertainment stars.
Authors usually receive a royalty rate of about 10 percent, said Gao Tingting from Shanghai Century Publishing Group, the city's top book publisher. But – as in Western publishing – the rates can differ according to the popularity of the authors and their works, said Liu Fang from The Writers Publishing House, a famous publishing house in the country.
Relying on royalties is not a way for authors' to become wealthy. Han Han, another youth literature star, ranking eighth on this year's list with 3.8 million yuan ($556,525.71), said the money reaped by publishing houses and book stores far exceeds that of writers.
Han, author of San Chong Men (Triple Door), said writers have to explore other business opportunities to find financial success.
One such author is Yu Qiuyu, the richest on the first annual list released in 2006 with 14 million yuan ($2.05 million) and number 13 on this year's list with 2.4 million yuan ($351,441.81), an author steeped in classical Chinese literature and is investing in 21st century websites and upscale shopping malls.
According to list compiler Wu, Yu, well known for his cultural and historical essays, most notably Wen Hua Ku Lü (Tough Cultural Journey) became a shareholder in a website devoted to classical Chinese literature, chineseall.com, in 2000.
In 2004, Yu invested in the Shanghai Jiujiu Readers Culture Industry Co, and in October he became one of the 10 largest shareholders in a Shanghai shopping mall, Xujiahui Commercial Center, which is expected to go public soon.
Wu added that writers should expect more royalty income from the adaptation of their books into movies, TV dramas or other entertainment outlets.
Piracy plague
Piracy also cuts significantly into authors' incomes in China. In the first nine months of this year, about 45.55 million pieces of publications that infringe copyright have been confiscated, according to the General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP).
Though GAPP did not disclose any figures, it is no secret that piracy has caused a lot of damage to the country's copyright-based industries.
According to latest statistics data, copyright-based industries contributed 6.5 percent to China's gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and contributed 6.8 percent to the country's employment, Dimiter Gantchev, chairman of acting director of the Creative Industries Division in the World Intellectual Property Organization, said in Beijing in late November.
"Fairytale king" Zheng said in an interview with Wu's Huaiyao Interview early this month that a good way to fight piracy is to pay writers' a one-time royalty income for perpetual use authorization as some other countries do.
Agents needed
Chinese authors are also in dire need of agents to ensure better deals for them, Zheng wrote in an article published in Beijing Evening News Friday.
He said authors are sometimes victims of dishonest publishers who under-report the number of books sold in order to avoid proper royalties and that good agents could help stem this practice as well as bargain for the best contracts for writers.
But China has few literary agents and only influential writers have access to those, Liu, of The Writers Publishing House, told the Global Times.
Xiao Dongfa, director of the Modern Publishing Institute of Peking University, told the Global Times that China's publishing industry carries more weight than the writers themselves, which makes the need for dedicated agents more urgent.
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| 译文： |
最近发布的2009年度中国最富的二十五位作家名单并不能说明写作能带来财富的全部内容。
这一名单上作家排名是根据各自在过去一年中出书的版税收入为根据的，由中国文稿代理人，文学评论家和记者吴怀耀经过四年的努力编制而成。
.吴也写过一本作家访谈录，怀耀访谈录，最初的时候他在博客上发表过，原名叫怀耀访谈。
.吴在自己的博客上写道他今年花了三个月的时间编出2009年作家排名，但是没有透露他采访了多少出版商。电视和电影的改编版税并没有算在各作家的收入中。
郑渊洁是有名的儿童文学作家他被称为童话之王，因其写的一个关于一对鸽子的故事，也就是皮皮鲁和鲁西西这部作品成名，今年以2000万人民币的收入名列榜首，而去年他以1100万的人民币的收入位居第二。
这次他与去年首富作家角色对换。去年的榜首是正在变老的26岁的文学神童郭敬明。今年他的收入是1700万亿币，降至第二位。郭的第一部小说幻城成作于其高中时代。这部作品将幻境与中国传统武术相结合，销售量达100多万册，他接下来出的书也是如此畅销。去年，郭以1300万元收独占熬头。
另一位因作品《晃晃悠悠》成名的青年作家石康收入达300万元，名列第十。重庆晚报称他说，他认为这个名单与其说是富人榜不如说是表现出中国作家多么穷。比如，在上海或北京或上海城区，300万元只够买一栋普通的别墅。
青年周刊引用吴的话说就算是最富的郑与娱乐圈明星相比起来，也不够富。
除了版税，还有其他生财之道
上海最大的出版社世纪出版社的高婷婷说作家一般会得到百分之十的版税率。“但是，西方在出版作品方面版税会因作家和他们作品的知名度而异。”中国著名出版社作家出版社的刘芳这样说道。
作家们富有并不是靠版税。今年排名第八的青年作家韩寒，年收入为380万人民币，他说出版社和书店赚的钱比他们多得多。
《三重门》的作者韩说作家们应该探索其他的商机，以在经济上有更多收获。
2006年榜首余秋雨就是这样。当年以1400万夺魁，今年2400万排名第十三。他一直沉醉于中国古典文学，现又投资二十一世纪网站以及高档购物广场。
.吴说，余因其历史文化散文著名，其中最优秀的就是《文化苦旅》。他2000年已是一家关于中国古典文学的网站chineseall.com的股东之一。
.2004年，余秋雨投资上海九久读书人文化产业公司，同年十月他成为了上海徐家汇商业中心十大股东之一，这家购物中心很快上市。
.吴还说作家的收入除了将他们的作品改编成电影电社或其他娱乐产品所得的版税以为，还可以挣得其他收入。
Piracy plague 盗版之患
盗版问题在中国也在很大程度上减少了作家们的收入。据国家新闻出版总署说，在今年头九个月，大约有4555万份侵权出版物被没收。
十一月份，世界知识产权组织创新产业部代理部长总裁Dimiter Gantchev在京说：“根据最新数据，版权产业对国内生产总值贡献率为百分之六点五，就业贡献率为百分之六点八。”
本月早些时候郑在吴的采访中童话之王郑渊洁说打击盗版的一个好方法就是用作者的一次性版税收入购买永久使用授权，其他一些国家就是这样做的。
Agents needed 相关机构应助一臂之力
郑在周五的北京晚报上发表了一篇文章说中国的作家急需相关机构的帮助，以保证他们这个问题能得到更好处理。
他说作家有时是不诚信的出版商低报书的销售量这一行为的受害者，这些出版商这样做是为了逃避正当版税，相关机构应该制止这一行为，同时也要为作家争取到最佳的合约。
作家出版社的刘某告诉环球时报说：“但是中国的文学机构少之又少，而且只有有影响力的作家可以利用这些机构。”
北京大学的现在出版学院负责人肖东发告诉环球时报说中国的出版业比作家本身承受的担子更重，这也使得建立专门的相关机构更加刻不容缓。
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| 案例标题： |
Riding the realty tiger |
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| 原文： |
With house prices skyrocketing in China's cities, urban residents are finding themselves stripped of purchasing power, causing concern of social unrest and prompting government measures to rein in prices, curb speculation and demand the construction of more low-cost homes.
He Keng, an official with the Financial and Economic Committee of the National People's Congress, complained about the growing housing bubble in a CCTV interview over the weekend.
"If even a vice minister-level official like me can't afford a decent home, it will be a huge problem for most ordinary people," he said.
For the majority of the wage-earning public, the soaring prices have taken the dream of buying their own home further out of reach.
It also explains why a TV series called "Snail House," which reflects people's difficulty in affording a house, has been an instant hit. It has also become controversial, as it was called to a halt after only 10 episodes broadcast by Beijing-based BTV, reportedly due to pressure from real estate developers.
Noticing the smoldering public discontent, the central and local governments have been cautiously making small moves, trying to prevent the danger of an outpouring of anger that may jolt society as a whole.
Shanghai Mayor Han Zheng said last week that house prices in the municipality are rising too fast and could eventually harm the interests of the Shanghai people.
In southern China, the Guangzhou government has planned to release 80 square kilometers of land onto the market in order to curb soaring prices, local media reported Monday.
An executive meeting of the State Council, chaired by Premier Wen Jiabao, announced on Monday that the central government would rein in the overheated momentum of housing prices by increasing the supply of low-cost homes, curbing speculation and strengthening the supervision of the real estate market.
The stock market in Shanghai and Shenzhen saw real estate-related stocks falling across the board, some down 6-8 percent at closing Tuesday.
Nanfang Daily reported Tuesday that major institutional investors dumped a net 2.9 billion yuan ($424.6 million) worth of real estate stocks on the yuan-denominated A-share market last week, representing over 11 percent of the net fund outflow of the entire market, the highest among all the sectors.
Measures may be ineffective
However, analysts are not optimistic about the government's determination to take steps to control housing prices, saying that the government is at a dilemma in the face of growing social discontent and a recovering economy boosted largely by the real estate market and related industries.
"The government is riding on a tiger," a People's Daily senior editor, who asked to remain anonymous, told the Global Times. "It's dangerous to keep on riding, and even more risky to get off."
"Restraining home prices from soaring too quickly in recent months is the government's intention," Chen Guoqiang, director of the real estate research center at Peking University, said yesterday.
"But the government doesn't want the commercial real estate sector to fluctuate too much in 2010 because it needs to keep the real estate market booming to ensure the country's economy runs well," he said.
Tian Yun, vice president of the China Macro Economics Institute, said, "the latest measures will be ineffective."
"The current high prices are pushed by joint efforts by the central government and local governments," he explained.
"State-owned enterprises have become the hands that are pushing the high prices, and local governments depend on high property prices to assure local expenditure," he said.
Developers also prefer not to develop low-price housing, and how the government will execute its relevant policies remaCredit pinch a key
Yi Xianrong, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, confirmed Tuesday that tightening credit lines would be the most effective way to curb the housing market, because the soaring home prices at present are caused by lax credit policies.
Experts said the State Council's action guidelines announced Monday show its intent to restrict the credit policies for mortgage loans so as to curb speculation.
"From what the guidelines indicate, the buyers who want to buy their second or third houses need to pay a down payment of no less than 40 percent of the total value," Chen Guoqiang said yesterday. "This means that profiting from fast re-sales will be under control."
The central government also announced on December 9 that people must now keep their houses for five years before they can resell them, a change from the previous minimum of two years.
Zhong Wei, director of the Financial Research Center at Beijing Normal University, said the growth of the real estate market is expected to slow down next year, with total sales of 3.3 trillion yuan, compared with this year's 3.6 trillion.
ins a question, Yang said.
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| 译文： |
房市一路飙高,中央政府骑虎难下
随着房价飞涨，城市居民觉得他们没有了购买力，担心出现社会动乱，这也迫使政府采取措施控制物价上涨，打击投机行为，要求建更多的廉价房。
全国人民代表大会金融金经济委员会的一名官员何铿在周未的央视上的一次采访中提到了房市泡沫繁荣的现象这个问题。
他说：“如果像我这样副部长级的官员都买不起像样的房子，那对大部人普通人来说更是个大问题。”
对于大部分有薪阶层来说，房价飞涨只会让他们买到属于自己的房子的梦想越来越遥远。
这也就是为什么一部名叫“蜗居”的电视剧能如此风靡的原因。因为它反应了现在人们买房困难的问题。但是这部电视剧也遭到了非议，在北京一家电视台播出十集后，被停播了。据说是由于房地产开发商们倍感压力，于是叫停。
中央及地方政府也注意到了人民的不满，一直是小心谨慎地采取一些小的变动措施，以免群情激愤，引起社会动乱。
.上海市长韩正上周说上海市房价上涨过快，到最后可能会损害上海人民的利益。
广州一家地方媒体周一报道说在华南地区，广州市政府已计划发放八十平方公里土地以控制房价。
周一温家宝总理主度召开了国务院行政会议，在会上他宣布中央政府将通过增加廉价房供应量，打击投机加强房地产市场的监管的方式来扼制房价过热势头。
上海和琛圳股市也出现了房市大跌，周四收盘时一些跌了百分之六到百分之八。
周四的南方周末报道主要机构投资人上周在人民币A股股市抛售了净值29亿元的房地产股票，这对整个股市来说是百分十一还要多的净资金流出，是上市所有产业中最高的。
解决措施可能无济于事
.然而，分析人士对政府决定采取措施控制房价的决心并不抱乐观态度，他们说政府在社会不满情绪升温和通过主要拉动房市及相关产业发展恢复经济这两者中间左右为难。
人民日报一位不愿透露姓名的资深编辑告诉环球时报说：“政府现已是骑虎难下”，“如果还继续骑虎的话是很危险的，下虎背更是风险重重”
北京大学房地产研究中心主任陈国强昨天说：“政府最近几个月就是要限制房价过快上涨。”
.他说：“但是政府并不想2010年商业房产波动过大因为它需要保持房市繁荣从而能保证经济能良好运行。”
中国宏观经济学研究所副所长田云说最近采取的措施无济于事。
他解释道当前房价飞涨是由于中央政府和地方政府共同抬高的。
.他说国企已成为了推高已经居高不下的房价的因素，地方政府也靠高房价保证经费开支。
.杨说开发商也不愿开发低价房，政府如何执行相关政策也还是个问题。
从紧信贷政策解开难题
中国社会科学院研究员易显荣周四明确表示紧缩信用额度将是最好的限制房市过热的方法，因为当前房价飞涨就是由是信贷政策松弛造成的。
.专家说国务院周一宣布的行动指南表明了其加紧抵押信贷政策的目的，从而可以打击投机。
昨天陈国强说从指南中可以看出，第二次或第三次买房的购买者要付不少于房子总价的百分之四十的首付。这意味着从快速房屋再售中渔利的行为可以得到控制。
.十二月九日中央政府也宣布人们必需拥有五年才能再售，这对先前的最少两年的政策来说是个改变。
北京师范大学金融研究中心主任钟伟说房市上涨的情况明年有望减缓。今年总销售额达3.6万亿元，而明年则会达3.3万亿元。
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| 案例标题： |
Growing on the road |
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| 原文： |
It is 10 am Friday and Fan Jinxing, together with other six workers, has been moving big plastic bags of cargo to the trucks for more than two hours in a warehouse near the railway station in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province.
It is a common daily scene on South Shuncheng Street in Zhengzhou where there are about 20 logistics companies of different sizes along the street within 500 meters of one another.
"Each day, we load at least two trucks, and most of them run to other parts in the province the next day, and some to Shandong Province every other day," said Peng Shimeng, a 35-year-old boss, who has worked in the business for eight years.
Although the logistics sector has been criticized by some for "disorganized competition," it also means that many companies – big and small – are still finding room to share this big market.
There are around 789,000 logistics companies of the nation, said Xu Shuibo, CEO of TNT-Hoau, a big player in the industry.
The road transportation market in China reached $265 billion as of 2008, said Mui- Fong Goh, general manager of Beijing branch of A.T. Kearney, a US-based consulting.
They made the remarks at the annual logistics meeting held in Zhengzhou of central China's Henan Province last Thursday.
Driving competition
When it comes to business, the price comes first, especially in this sensitive market, where it is hard to unify prices due to a variety of operators with different levels of service and expertise.
"Normally, we charge less than 10 yuan ($1.46) for one piece of goods from Zhengzhou to Xinxiang, less than 100 kilometers distance," said Peng, adding that the price is lower than other big players. His business employs about 100 people and uses 20 trucks, all rented.
According to customer hotline operators, TNT-Hoau and DP Express, two large players with business around China, charge 100 yuan ($14.65) and 60 yuan ($8.79) per cubic meter of goods, respectively, for the same distance from Zhengzhou to Xinxiang.
"Along this logistics street, most small operators charge similar prices, with one or two yuan ($0.15 or $0.30) more or less for the same distance," said Peng.
Peng's words were shared by another logistics operator surnamed Wang, whose shop is across the street. Wang said the price war is still serious even among the small rivals, because "the boss has his say on price."
'Scattered market'
However, prices aren't the only factor in the competition. Service and transportation lines are also important.
Take Peng as an example. In the past eight years, he opened about 50 lines covering Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces. That compares to the more than 600 cities in China that TNT-Hoau has served over the recent 14 years.
"We have about 20 trucks, and sometimes we are short because they may be all used up, but we can not afford to buy new ones," said Peng.
Peng added that their profit is around 10 percent, or about 1,000 yuan ($146.46) for 10,000 yuan ($1,464.62)'s worth of business, and "the cost is increasing as the oil prices soar."
China's road transportation market is a "highly scattered market," said Mui-Fong Goh.
The top 10 companies have a less than 3 percent of the market share, said Goh, adding for the carload freight, the main leaders are China Merchants Logistics with a 0.6 percent of the market share, China Post Logistics with a 0.4 percent, and Sinotrans Group with a 0.4 percent.
Goh attributed the decentralized market to its low threshold of entrance because operators may start business without setting up any comprehensive network or mastering any professional sales methods. Price wars and the different levels of operators are also contributing factors, she said.
TNT-Hoau's CEO Xu Shuibo agreed and said the low level logistics companies make up most of the market.
Invisible hand
As for the future of the logistics market in China, the government still believes the market should determine the future of all companies great or small.
"Currently, the government has no plan to lift the entry level of the logistics sector, and we will let market competition decide the survival of the fittest," He Dengcai, deputy secretary general of China Federation of Logistics & Purchasing, said at the logistics meeting.
One company that is feeling extremely fit is Hoau Group, the wholly-owned subsidiary of TNT in China, which recently announced its domestic investment plan to add 437 trucks and hundreds of employees. Its third-quarter fiscal report saw an revenue income increase of 19.4 percent com-pared with the same period last year.
"I expect a double-digit growth in revenue and plan to build 12 additional distribution centers around the nation next year," CEO Xu Shuibo said at the meeting.
He said that the opportunity for road delivery has come as the financial downturn forced many companies to give up air transport because of high costs.
"Talents and clients' demands are the keys to win more markets," said Xu.
As for small players, Peng said his company will continue to concentrate on its local markets and advantages. "We only want to do our own business, and the best we can and improve our service. We will not die."
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物流演绎适者生存,一路走来皆是成长
这是周五上午十点钟，在河南郑州火车站附近一个仓库里，范金星和其他六位工人正将大塑料袋货物装进卡车里，他们已这样工作了两个多小时。
这种情形在郑州的顺承南路每天可见，这条街上有着约大小二十家物业公司，沿路而建，每五百米就有一家。
.彭时猛今年三十五岁，是一家公司的老板，他已从事这个行业八年了。他说：“每天我们最少装运两卡车货，大部分第二天就可到本省的其他地方，一部分每隔一天去往山东省。”
.虽然物业部业被一些人指为存在“不正当竞争”，这也意味着很多公司，不论大小都还在寻找发展空间，想在市场上分得一杯羹。
业内巨头华宇物流的CEO许水波说中国有大约789000家物流公司。
美国咨询公司A.T. Kearney的北京分公司总经理Mui- Fong Goh说中国的道路运输市场截止到2008年，市值已达2650亿美元。
.在上周四在中国中部河南郑州举行的物流业年会上他们作出了这些评价。
运费大战
当我们谈到商业时，首先是价钱，特别是在这个敏感的市场里，由于运营商的服务和技术水平不同，价格也相迥异。
.彭说：“正常情况下，从郑州到新疆不到一百公里的距离，我们每件收费不到十元。”他还说道，相比其他大物流公司，他们的价格要低些。他的公司有员工约一百人，租了二十辆卡车。
据顾客热线接线员说，华宇和DP快递公司业务遍布全国，从郑州到新疆同样的距离，他们的收费分别是每平方米货收费一百元和六十元。
彭说：“在这条物流街，大部分小的公司收费也差不多，同样的距离价差就是一到两元。”
一位姓王的公司老板也说到彭说过的话，他的公司在街对面。王说价格战依旧严重，甚至在小的竞争对手之间都是这样，因为老板在价格上有发言权。
分散的市场
然而，价格并非竞争的唯一因素。服务和运输线路也很重要。
.以彭的公司为例。在过去八年，他在通了五十条贯穿河南，河北，山东省的运输线路。而天地-华宇物流在最近十四年运输线路覆盖了全国六百多个城市。
彭说：“我们有大约二十辆卡车，有时我们会供不应坟，因为可能会同时占用，但是我们没钱买新的。”
彭还说，他们利润率大约为百分之十，或每一万元的业务利润为一千元，而同时因为油价飞涨，成本也在增加。
.说中国的道路运输市场是一个高度分散的市场。
Goh说物流业前十强的市场占有率不足百分之三，他还说到，在整车运输方面领军人是招商物流，中国邮政，中国外运集团他们分别市场占有率为0.6%,0.4%,0.4%.
Goh认为商市场分散原因是这个行业门槛低,因为运营商可以不用建立任何综合性网络,或是掌握任何专业销售方法就可以开始经营.他说价格战以及各公司的层次不同也是市场分散的促成因素.
天地-华宇CEO许水波对此表示认同,他说低层次的物流公司占据了市场的大部分份额.
无形的手
对于中国物流业市场前景,中国政府依然认为,不论大小,应由市场决定其未来.
中国物流采购同盟副书记何登才在物流业年会上说:”目前,政府还不打算提高物流业的门槛,我们将会让市场竞争决定,适者生存.”
现在觉得生存最适的就是华宇了,他是中国天地物流的全股子公司,最近它宣布它在国内计划投资增加437辆卡车和增招几百员工.这的第三季度财政报告显示,其收入与去年相比同比增长19.4%.
CEO许水波在会上说:”我希望我们可以实现两位数的增长,并且计划明年在全国范围内增建12配送中心.”
金融危机导至成本增加使得很多公司取消空运业务,于是采用公路配送.
.许说:”人才和客户需求对赢得更大份额的市场是非常关键的.”
作为小公司来说,彭说,他的公司会继续着重关注地方市场和自身优势.他说我们只想做自己的业务,改善服务.我们不会倒闭的.
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US alters defense policy |
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The US is diversifying its military policy away from simultaneous battle engagement to focus on a range of threats, from terrorism and cyber attacks to drug trafficking and conflicts triggered by climate change, according to the Pentagon's latest strategic outlook released Monday.
Military observers say the legislatively mandated review marked a major military policy shift compared with previous administrations and could provide insight into the future military strategy of the Obama administration.
"In the mid- to long-term, US military forces must plan and prepare to prevail in a broad range of operations that may occur in multiple theaters in overlapping time frames," the US Department of Defense says in the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR).
It is no longer appropriate to speak of regional conflicts as the sole or even primary templates for sizing, shaping or evaluating US forces," according to the a draft of the review obtained by Inside Defense.
The review sets a long-term course for the Pentagon, as it assesses the threats and challenges that the nation faces and reorients the Pentagon's strategies, capabilities and forces to address today's conflicts and tomorrow's threats.
Meng Xiangqing, a professor of military strategy at the University of National Defense, told the Global Times that the debt-ridden US government does not have the ability to fight two major conventional wars at the same time, and the policy change is compatible with Obama's military contraction strategy and his call for cooperation.
In 1993, former president Bill Clinton's defense secretary, Les Aspin, ran the "Bottom-Up Review" that created the simultaneous two major regional contingencies standard for military readiness.
The 2001 QDR stated that "US forces will remain capable of swiftly defeating attacks against US allies and friends in any two theaters of operation in overlapping timeframes."
Li Daguang, another scholar at the University of National Defense, said the policy adjustment is based on the US' current security demands.
"There is no need for the US military to prepare for war with Russia, which doesn't constitute a real threat to the US now, or China, which insists on peaceful development," Li said.
"China" has been a key word in the previous three QDRs.
In the 1996 QDR, the first review requested by Congress following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, while China was a "potential strategic competitor" with comparable clout, grouped with Russia.
The 2001 QDR implicitly identified China as "a military competitor with a formidable resource base" that would likely come into conflict with the United States in the future.
The 2006 QDR restated the US view that China has the greatest potential to compete militarily with the US and use disruptive military technologies that could offset traditional US military superiority.
CNN said that the 2006 review was heavily focused on the threat of a large-scale conventional war with China.
The previous review under the Bush administration in 2006 was known for its arro-gant tone, while the latest one is likely to underscore cooperation with Beijing, despite its disguised hostility toward Beijing, a Beijing-based military strategist, who asked to remain anonymous, told the Global Times.
CNN said that the 2010 review still stresses the threat from China, but will look at the need to defend against a growing threat of cyber attacks – without directly tying China to past cyber attacks, according to Pentagon officials – and China's focus on preemptively striking and crippling an adversary ahead of a large attack.
Alluding to China in his cover letter, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates cites longer-term threats such as "the military modernization programs of other countries," Bloomberg reported Monday.
It added that the US military is drawing up a new air-sea battle plan in response to such threats, which would combine the strengths of each service to conduct long-range strikes.
"Defense is vital as China and the US are far from being allies," said Zhao Xiaozhuo, a researcher with the World Military Department at the People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Science.
The review also calls for "a more widely distributed" and flexible US presence in Asia that relies more on allies. Partners would include Australia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.
The US government has long tried to shift its military focus from the Atlantic to the Pacific, especially the western Pacific, and build a bloc with its Asian allies to form an Asia-based "NATO," Meng Xiangqing said.
"The US' closer ties with its Asian allies could help build a ring of encirclement to deter China," Meng noted.
The review also, for the first time, identifies global warming as a potential trigger of instability and urges the military to renew efforts to reduce its independence on oil.
Besides future threats, the review places top priority on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and against terrorist threats elsewhere.
According to Pentagon officials, Gates will be asking for $708 billion in 2011, including funding for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan – $44 billion more than the 2010 budget of $664 billion, which was also announced Monday
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美新国防政策出台---变在哪里?
根据周一公布的最新国防部战略展望报告,美国从其同时应对两场战争的军事政策而转为关注各种威胁的政策,这些威胁包括恐怖主义,网络攻击,毒品走私,气候冲突.
军事观察员说这个具有法律强制力的报告标志着与前政府相比的军事政策上的一项重大转变,从中也可看出奥巴马政府未来的军事策略.
美国国防部在2010年四年期国防总检报告中说道,:”从中长期来年,美国必需计划进行一系列军事行动.这些行动可能会在重叠的时间范围内在多个战场进行.美国要为其作好准备,而且要打赢.”
国防部内部的报告草案说:””现在将地区冲分看作是唯一或是原始的获得美国军力的规模,塑造或是评价美国军队的模板是不恰当的.
该报告为美国国防部开辟了一条长期的发展方向,它评价了美国现今面临的威胁和挑战,重新调整了国防部策略,功能以及其势力,以解决当前冲突和将来威胁.
国防大学军事策略教授孟祥清告诉环球时报说,美国政府已是负债累累,无能力同时投身两场常规战争,军事政策转变与奥巴马收缩策略和合作的要求是相符的.
1993年,前总统克林顿的国防部长Les Aspin在”自下而上的报告”中创造了同时发生的两大地区性意外事件军事准备标准.
2001年QDR声明”在重合的时间范围内美国军队会一如继往地,快速挫败任何两个行动战场里对美国盟友和朋友的进攻.”
国防大学的另一名学者李大光说政策调整是基于美国当前安全要求.
李说:”美国军队没必要准备对俄战争,因为现在俄不构成对美国的真正威胁.对中国也是如此,因为中国坚持和平发展..”
.在之前的三份QDR中,”中国”一直是个关键词.
1996年的QDR是苏联瓦解之后国会要求发布的第一份报告.当时的报告称中国与俄罗斯站在一边,是个有着可比影响的”潜在战略对手”.
2001年的QDR含蓄地将中国定位为”有着强大资源基础的军事对手”,称其将来可能与联合国发生冲突.
2006年的QDR重申美国观点,认为中国是军事上具有最大的与美竞争潜力的国家,能使用破坏性的军事技术以制衡美国军事上的优越地位的
CNN说2006年的报告将重点过度地放在了与中国进行大规模的常规战争的威胁上了.
北京一位要求不透露姓名的军事战略家告诉环球时报说:”2006年布什政府的报告中的自大口吻众人皆知,而最新的这次报告可能会强调与中国的合作, 虽其对北京有敌意,但并未明显表现出来.”
CNN说,2010报告依然强调中国对美国是个威胁,但是会着眼于防止越来越成为威胁的网络攻击的必要性,”但是不直接将过于的网络攻击和中国在进行一次大规模攻击之前先发制人地打击削弱对手的做法和中国联系起来.”美国国防部的一位官员这样说道.
周一彭博新闻社报道:美国国防部长Robert Gates在其附信中提到了这些字眼:长期威胁如”其他国家的军事现代化项目”,其实是间接地指中国.
.该报道还说道:美国军队正在起草新的由海到空作战计划以应对这些威胁.该计划会联合各部队力量进行远程攻击.
.人民解放军军事科学院的世界军事系研究员赵晓卓说:”中国和美国远不是盟友,所以国防很重要.”
该报告也要求美国在亚洲的军事存在更为广布,灵活.因其更依赖盟友.其合作伙伴将包括澳大利亚,泰国,菲律宾,新加坡,印尼,马来西亚和越南.
孟祥清说:”美国政府长期以来尽力将其军事中心从大西洋转向太平洋,特别是西太平洋,而且与其亚洲盟友一起建立起军事集团,以形成亚洲的”北约”.
孟指出:”美国与其亚洲盟友关系变得更近可能会建立一个包围圈扼制中国.”
该报告也头一次将全球气候变暖看成是造成不稳定的潜在诱因,要求美国军事方面再次努力减少其对石油的依赖.
除了未来的威胁,该报告将阿富汗和伊拉克战争看成是重中之重,并反对其他各地的恐怖主义.
美国防部官员表示, Gates周一宣布2011年他会要求7080亿美元的军费.其中包括伊拉克和阿富汗战争的经费,这比2010年6640亿美元的预支多出440亿美元.
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| 口译案例信息 |
| 口译项目简介： |
湖北省机电博览会见习口译员。 |
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