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个人信息
姓 名: 吴译员  [编号]:1163 性 别: 男 
擅长专业: 材料 出生年月: 1986/12/1
民 族: 汉族 所在地区: 吉林 长春
文化程度: 硕士 所学专业: 材料学
毕业时间: 40360 毕业学校: 吉林大学
第一外语: 英语 等级水平: 六级
口译等级: 中级 工作经历: 1 年
翻译库信息
可翻译语种: 英语
目前所在地: 吉林 长春
可提供服务类型: 笔译、家教
每周可提供服务时间: 30小时
笔译案例信息
案例标题: Physiological significance of cellular structure
原文: Physicochemical measurements of O2-releasing behaviours have revealed that the cellular structure of RBCs might not be effective for facilitating O2 releasing in comparison with a homogeneous haemoglobin(Hb) solution [5–7]. However, nature has selected this cellular structure through evolution. The reasons for Hb encapsulation in RBCs are: (i) a decrease in the high colloidal osmotic pressure of Hb; (ii) prevention of the removal of Hb from blood circulation and (iii) preservation of the chemical environment in cells, such as the concentration of phosphates (2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG), ATP,etc.) and other electrolytes. Moreover, during the long history of the development of Hb-based O2 carriers (HBOCs), many side effects of Hb molecules have become apparent, such as the dissociation of tetrameric Hb subunits into two dimers (a2b2 fi2ab) that might induce renal toxicity, and entrapment of gaseous messenger molecules (NO and CO) inducing vasoconstriction, hypertension, reduced blood flow and tissue oxygenation at microcirculatory levels [8, 9], neurological disturbances, and themalfunctioning of oesophageal motor function [10].These side effects of Hb molecules imply the importanceof the cellular structure (Fig.1) Pioneering work of Hb encapsulation to mimic the cellular structure of RBCs was performed by Chang in 1957 [1], who prepared microcapsules (5 lm) made of nylon, collodion, etc. Toyoda in 1965 [11] and the Kambara-Kimoto group [12] also covered Hb solutions with gelatine, gum Arabic, silicone, etc.Nevertheless, it was shown to be extremely difficult to regulate the particle size that was appropriate for blood flow in the capillaries and to obtain sufficient biocompatibility. After Bangham and Horne reported in 1964 that phospholipids assemble to form vesicles in aqueous media, and that they encapsulate watersoluble materials in their inner aqueous interior [13], it seemed reasonable to use such vesicles for Hb encapsulation. Djordjevich and Miller in 1977 prepared liposome-encapsulated Hb (LEH) composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, fatty acids, etc. [14]. In the US, Naval Research Laboratories showed remarkable progress of LEH[15]. However, some intrinsic issues of encapsulated Hbs remained, mainly related to molecular assembly and particle dispersion. What we call Hb-vesicles (HbV) with high-efficiency production processes and their improved properties, were established by Tsuchida’s group [16–18] based on technologies of molecular assembly and precise analysis of pharmacological and physiological aspects (Fig. 2). The salient characteristics of HbV are the following: 1 Human Hb is purified completely via pasteurization at 60℃and ultrafiltration; no viruses exist[19–21]; 2 A concentrated Hb solution, nearly 35 g/dL, is encapsulated with a thin bilayer membrane [16–18]; 3 A new synthetic lipid is used to prevent platelet(PLT) activation [22, 23]; 4 PEG-modification guarantees long-term storage over 2 years at room temperature, blood compatibility and extended circulation half-life [24–30]; 5 The cellular structure, which resembles that of RBCs, shields all side effects of Hb molecules, such as scavenging NO and CO [8, 9, 27]; 6 The particle size (250 nm) is appropriate for sterilization, circulation persistence and biodistribution [18,28] and 7 Hb-vesicles do not show colloid osmotic pressure.Addition of a plasma substitute solution such as recombinant albumin is effective to regulate colloid osmotic pressure [31–33].
译文: 细胞结构的生理学上的重要性 通过释氧行为的物理化学方法显示,在是否利于释氧方面,与均匀的血红蛋白(Hb)溶液相比,红血球细胞(RBCs)的细胞结构并不是十分有效!但是,大自然在进化的过程之中选择了这种细胞结构[5-7]。自然中是红血球包裹血红蛋白的原因如下:(1)高的胶体渗透压(COP)的下降;(2)在血液循环中可防止血红蛋白的移动;(3)在细胞中化学环境的保持,例如磷酸盐(2,3-二磷酸甘油酸(DPG),ATP,等等)和一些其他电解液的浓度的保持。而且随着基于血红蛋白的载氧溶液(Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carriers,HBOCs)的研究发展,一些血红蛋白分子的副作用随之出现了,例如血红蛋白的四联体结构就分解为二联体(α2β22αβ),这很容易引起肾衰,而且一些气态信号分子(NO和CO)还会产生诱捕作用,例如导致血管收缩,高血压,减少血液流动以及在微循环水平[8,9]的组织氧化减少,神经紊乱,贲门失弛缓症[10]。这些血红蛋白分子的副作用无一不表征了细胞结构的重要性(Fig.1)。 1957年Chang[1]在血红蛋白(Hb)包装物来模拟红血球细胞的细胞结构做出了突出贡献,他是利用尼龙、火药棉等制备了微囊(5μm)。Toyoda[11]以及Kambara-Kimoto团队[12]在1965年用白明胶、阿拉伯树胶、硅树脂等制备了包裹血红蛋白溶液的物质!然而,这些先驱工作表明制备可调控微粒大小尺寸到适宜在毛细血管内进行血液流动 以及获得足够的生物相容性的难度。直到1964年Bangham和Horne[13]发现磷脂聚合体可以在水溶液介质之中形成囊泡,并且在囊泡的内水环境中可以用来包裹水溶性的材料,给可以制备这么一种囊泡来包裹血红蛋白提供了一线生机。1977年,Djordjevich和Miller[14]用磷脂、胆固醇、脂肪酸等制备了脂质体包裹血红蛋白(liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin,LEH)。在美国,海军研究工作实验室证实脂质体包裹血红蛋白(LEH)的显著发展[15]。 然而,包裹血红蛋白溶液的一些本质问题有待于解决,这些主要关于分子的聚集以及微粒的分散状态。我们现在所称谓的具有高效生产工艺工程并且优异性能的血红蛋白微囊是Tsuchida等[16-18]是基于分子聚集技术以及精确的药理学和生理学分析为依据的(Fig.2)。血红蛋白微囊的显著特征如下: 1.人血红蛋白通过在60℃巴斯德杀菌法以及超滤作用提纯,无毒[19-21]; 2.高浓度的血红蛋白溶液,大约35g/L,被包裹在一个薄的双分子膜里[16-18]; 3.一种新型合成类脂物可防止血小板活化作用[22,23]; 4.PEG-改性可以保证在室温下超过2年的长期保存,并且具有优良的血液相容性和延长的循环半衰期[24-30]; 5.能够识别RBCs的细胞结构可以避免所有的血红蛋白分子副作用,例如净化NO和CO等气体[8,9,27]; 6.微粒尺寸(250nm)适宜无菌,保证循环持续,以及维持生物分布性[18,28]; 7.血红蛋白微囊并未显示胶体渗透压(COP)。加入血浆替代物溶液例如重组白蛋白(recombinant albumin)可以有效的调节胶体渗透压[31-33]。
  
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